U.S. EPA Pesticide Program Update

September 10, 2012

 

In This Update:

Scotts Miracle-Gro Will Pay $12.5 Million in Criminal Fines and Civil Penalties for Violations of Federal Pesticide Laws

 

WASHINGTON – The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company, a producer of pesticides for commercial and consumer lawn and garden uses, was sentenced today in federal district court in Columbus, Ohio, to pay a $4 million fine and perform community service for eleven criminal violations of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), which governs the manufacture, distribution, and sale of pesticides. Scotts pleaded guilty in February 2012 to illegally applying insecticides to its wild bird food products that are toxic to birds, falsifying pesticide registration documents, distributing pesticides with misleading and unapproved labels, and distributing unregistered pesticides. This is the largest criminal penalty under FIFRA to date. 

In a separate civil agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Scotts agreed to pay more than $6 million in penalties and spend $2 million on environmental projects to resolves additional civil pesticide violations. The violations include distributing or selling unregistered, canceled, or misbranded pesticides, including products with inadequate warnings or cautions. This is the largest civil settlement under FIFRA to date.

“The misuse or mislabeling of pesticide products can cause serious illness in humans and be toxic to wildlife,” said Cynthia Giles, assistant administrator for EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. “Today’s sentence and unprecedented civil settlement hold Scotts accountable for widespread company noncompliance with pesticide laws, which put products into the hands of consumers without the proper authorization or warning labels.”

“As the world’s largest marketer of residential use pesticides, Scotts has a special obligation to make certain that it observes the laws governing the sale and use of its products. For having failed to do so, Scotts has been sentenced to pay the largest fine in the history of FIFRA enforcement," said Ignacia S. Moreno, assistant attorney general for the Environment and Natural Resources Division of the Department of Justice. “The Department of Justice will continue to work with EPA to assure that pesticides applied in homes and on lawns and food are sold and used in compliance with the laws intended to assure their safety.”

In the plea agreement, Scotts admitted that it applied the pesticides Actellic 5E and Storcide II to its bird food products even though EPA had prohibited this use. Scotts had done so to protect its bird foods from insect infestation during storage. Scotts admitted that it used these pesticides contrary to EPA directives and in spite of the warning label appearing on all Storicide II containers stating, “Storcide II is extremely toxic to fish and toxic to birds and other wildlife.” Scotts sold this illegally treated bird food for two years after it began marketing its bird food line and for six months after employees specifically warned Scotts management of the dangers of these pesticides. By the time it voluntarily recalled these products in March 2008, Scotts had sold more than 70 million units of bird food illegally treated with pesticide that is toxic to birds.

Scotts also pleaded guilty to submitting false documents to EPA and to state regulatory agencies in an effort to deceive them into believing that numerous pesticides were registered with EPA when in fact they were not. The company also pleaded guilty to having illegally sold the unregistered pesticides and to marketing pesticides bearing labels containing false and misleading claims not approved by EPA. The falsified documents submitted to EPA and states were attributed to a federal product manager at Scotts.

In addition to the $4 million criminal fine, Scotts will contribute $500,000 to organizations that protect bird habitat, including $100,000 each to the Ohio Audubon’s Important Bird Area Program, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources’ Urban Forestry Program, the Columbus Metro-Parks Bird Habitat Enhancement Program, the Cornell University Ornithology Laboratory, and The Nature Conservancy of Ohio to support the protection of bird populations and habitats through conservation, research, and education.

At the time the criminal violations were discovered, EPA also began a civil investigation that uncovered numerous civil violations spanning five years. Scotts’ FIFRA civil violations included the nationwide distribution or sale of unregistered, canceled, or misbranded pesticides, including products with inadequate warnings or cautions. As a result, EPA issued more than 40 Stop Sale, Use or Removal Orders to Scotts to address more than 100 pesticide products.

In addition to the $6 million civil penalty, Scotts will complete environmental projects, valued at $2 million, to acquire, restore and protect 300 acres of land to prevent runoff of agricultural chemicals into nearby waterways.

The criminal case was investigated by EPA’s Criminal Investigation Division and the Environmental Enforcement Unit of the Ohio Attorney General's Office, Bureau of Criminal Identification & Investigation. It was prosecuted by Senior Trial Attorney Jeremy F. Korzenik of the Justice Department’s Environmental Crimes Section of the Environment and Natural Resources Division, by Michael J. McClary, EPA Criminal Enforcement Counsel and Special Assistant U.S. Attorney and by Assistant U.S. Attorney J. Michael Marous.

The civil case was investigated by U.S. EPA Region 5’s Land and Chemicals Division and Office of Regional Counsel, and the U.S. EPA Headquarters Office of Civil Enforcement, assisted by the Office of Pesticides Program.

More information about the civil settlement and recalled products: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/fifra/scottsmiraclegro.html.

More information about EPA’s criminal enforcement program: http://www.epa.gov/enforcement/criminal/index.html.

More information about EPA’s pesticide program: http://epa.gov/pesticides/.

Green and Growing

GREEN AND GROWING

D. Bruce Bosley

Extension Agent/Cropping Systems

Colorado State University Cooperative Extension

508 S 10^th Ave., Ste 1, Sterling Co 80751

(970) 522-3200 Ext. 285

Bruce.Bosley@colostate.edu

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE – August 13^th, 2012

Growers looking to increase yield and decrease risk will want to plant the best possible wheat varieties this fall for top yields next summer. The annual Wheat Planting Decision Meetings held on August 15, 16 and 17 will offer growers insight into the highest-yielding varieties in the Colorado State University (CSU) Uniform Variety Performance Trials and Collaborative On-Farm Tests (COFT).

The Colorado Wheat Administrative Committee (CWAC) and Colorado Wheat Research Foundation (CWRF) host the annual meetings. Speakers will discuss the variety and COFT trial results, the qualities of new varieties, new developments in wheat breeding, the availability and value of certified wheat seed and the Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA), and other topics.

Plan to attend the meeting nearest you. A complimentary meal will be served at each meeting and each grower who attends the meeting will receive a 1-gigabyte flash drive containing the Wheat Variety Database, which allows growers to make comparisons between varieties and look at data from the CSU trials going back to 1990.

Meeting Dates and Locations

Wednesday, August 15:

Burlington:  6:30 p.m.  Dinner meeting, Community Center

Thursday, August 16:

Genoa: 7:30 a.m.  Breakfast meeting, Dry Creek Seed Company

Akron: 12:00 p.m.  Lunch meeting, Central Great Plains Research Station

Haxtun/Dailey: 6:30 p.m.  Dinner meeting, Anderson Wheat Farms

Friday, August 18:

Wiggins/Hoyt: 7:30 a.m.  Breakfast meeting at Midcap Farms

Dry Bean Field days

Colorado State University and the Colorado Dry Bean Administrative Committee invite you to join them at one of the two 2012 Dry Bean Field Days. Participants will see the newest dry bean varieties, tour research plots and hear the most up-to date information on agronomic, disease and pest control practices for dry bean production in Colorado.

The Yuma Field Day will be held on August 22^nd on the Richard Wacker farm at 1:30 p.m. Travel north from Yuma on Hwy 59 to Road 50, west 1 mile to road E, north ¼ mile, the plot is on the west side. GPS coordinates: 40.3030 N and -102°7371 W. Refreshments are provided courtesy of Trinidad Benham- Sterling, CO.

The Greeley Field Day will be held on August 24^th on Brian Lefgren’s farm at 10:00 a.m.

From Greeley on Weld County road 47, 2 miles north to road 66, west to road 45, south to the intersection of road 64/45, and the plots are on the southeast corner.

Please contact me, Bruce Bosley about these field days or other cropping systems or natural resource topics at (970)768-6449 or bruce.bosley@colostate.edu.

Extension programs are available to all without discrimination.  If you have a disability for which you seek an accommodation, please notify Bruce Bosley 7 days before the event. Colorado State University Extension, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado Counties Cooperating.

Managing MPB After a Wildfire -Sky Stephens, CSFS

Managing Mountain Pine Beetle After a Wildfire

7-9-12

S. Sky Stephens

970-491-7282 or sky.stephens@colostate.edu

Recent wildfires throughout Colorado have raised a number of questions about managing post-fire forests. In this document I hope to address a number of issues that have come up concerning mountain pine beetle (MPB), including the impacts of wildfire on the beetles and which management activities may be appropriate post-fire. Given the diversity of burn severity and the range of impacts on individual trees throughout a burn area, all information provided will be general. Please contact me with specific questions and we at the CSFS will do our very best to assist you in making post-fire management decisions.

Direct Impacts of Recent Fires on Beetles:

• Recent fires have impacted large areas of our forests; however, the area impacted by MPB is much larger.

• Depending on the level of burn severity in an area, the direct impacts on beetle populations are highly varied within the fire area and along its boundaries.

• Some fires (High Park, Hewlett and others) have destroyed numerous trees that harbored this season’s MPB population.

• There are also many unaffected trees within the burn areas which still harbor beetles.

• The increased stress on trees scorched by the fire will increase their susceptibility to MPB.

• Recent fires haven't stopped the MPB outbreak.

Other Beetle Issues:

• Douglas-fir beetle and Ips beetles typically show an increase in activity after a fire.

• Trees with scorched bark have an increased susceptibility to Ips and Douglas-fir beetle.

• We will likely see an increase in these beetles’ activity in and around fire areas.

Impacts on Previously Applied Preventive Products:

• Chemical sprays exposed to high heat or directly to fire will have lost some, if not all, of their effectiveness. - We are not aware of any studies that have looked at the impacts of heat, smoke or fire on chemical preventive products for MPB.

- Most chemicals degrade faster when exposed to heat; depending on levels of heat exposure, some preventive products may have a reduced efficacy after a fire.

- Products applied directly to bark that has now burned have also been burned and are not likely to have any remaining efficacy.

　

• Pheromones exposed to high heat or directly to fire also will have lost some, if not all, of their effectiveness. - We are not aware of any studies that have looked at the impacts of heat, smoke or fire on pheromones.

- Direct impacts of fire and extreme heat may have melted pheromone packets, making them ineffective.

- Pheromones are chemicals, and increased rates of degradation would be expected with exposure to heat; depending on levels of heat exposure, pheromones may have a reduced efficacy after a fire.

　

　

• Considerations for Reapplication of Preventive Products: - Proper application of preventive products will remain key to their effectiveness.

- Some trees impacted by the fire will survive, others will not. This is very difficult to predict and tree loss will not be apparent in many trees until next spring.

- Trees that do not currently show any signs of beetle activity may be suitable for reapplication of a preventive product this year.

- Preventive chemical sprays may adhere less effectively to scorched bark, due to presence of soot/ash/charred bark.

- Pheromone packets can be reapplied without concern other than monetary costs.

- With increased stress on trees in fire areas and fewer host trees available, all preventive products may have a reduced effectiveness.

　

• Future Seasons After a Fire - Post-fire bark beetle impacts will occur and change over several seasons.

- Post-fire survival of trees will be dependent on each tree’s adaptability to fire; for example, ponderosa pine is more fire resilient than lodgepole pine, and the conditions of the seasons following a fire event, including levels of precipitation and changes in soil condition, will vary for each location.

- Management of MPB in forests and on individual trees in post-fire areas will remain important while MPB remains active on those landscapes.

- Management of MPB will be dictated by each landowner’s management objectives.

　

• Final Thoughts - Preventive treatment of remaining trees may be more important than ever over the next few seasons because in fire-impacted areas, the trees remaining represent a smaller selection of hosts and those remaining trees will likely have experienced additional stressors (and may be less success at defending themselves against MPB).

- For 2012, the window of opportunity to reapply preventive products is rapidly closing. No products are currently proven effective in trees already impacted by MPB.

- Efficacy of any preventive product will remain dependent on proper application, adequate coverage, correct dosage and good timing.

Weather Update for the Week From Planalytics

From Agri Business Weather Brief at Planalytics.com: 

THIS WEEK:

An end to record breaking temperatures this week as a more progressive temperature pattern evolves. First, a slow

moving upper low pressure will move into the Plains early in the week and gradually push eastward. A second low pressure moves out into the Plains on Easter Weekend. Look for a slight warming trend ahead of each of these two systems. Timing favors the East with a warming trend for eastern portions of Canada and the Northeast U.S. for the Holiday weekend.

There will be two cooling trends for the central portions of the U.S. and Canada. The first occurs on Tuesday into Wednesday. The second begins on Easter Sunday. Temperatures will warm in these areas between systems. Both of these cool downs will be accompanied by freeze-frost scenarios for the western portions of the Dakotas to southwest KS, including eastern CO and western NE.

For WA, OR, NV, and CA look for a warming trend by the weekend. Meanwhile, slight cooling occurs over the Southeast for the weekend, but temperatures will be at or slightly above normal.

A slow moving upper low pressure system will spawn a series of surface lows this week that will result in moderate to heavy rain being focused on the eastern Plains and Mississippi Valley. One of the northern lows will trigger moderate to heavy rain as well as a swath of moderate to heavy snow for portions of MT, ND, and the eastern Canadian Prairies.

Some light to moderate rain will occur across the Deep South and southern New England later in the week, but mainly as debris. Rain and mountain snow shifts north of CA by late week and drier conditions even make it to the Pac Northwest for the weekend.

Wheat Disease Update from Oklahoma

I know that we are in Colorado, but wheat diseases have a history of tracking north as the weather warms.  This is from Dr. Bob Hunger, OK State Wheat Pathologist:

Oklahoma:  Wheat continued rapid development across Oklahoma this past week with yield potentials still looking outstanding. Yesterday I sprayed my foliar fungicide trial (Jagger), which rangedfrom boot (GS 10) to heads nearly fully emerged (GS 10.5).  Overall I would place that trial at GS 10.2 (heads about 1Ž4 emerged).  This is 2-3 weeks earlier than I typically make this application.  It strikes me from calls over this past week, that this is representative of where wheat is at across much of Oklahoma.

                Stripe rust continues to be reported from across southwestern, central, and west central Oklahoma, but not as many reports from the north central and northwestern parts of the state.  However, these reports indicate only scattered/light infections.  With daytime temperatures into the 90s over the weekend (and 80s last week) and night temperatures in the 60s, stripe rust should be “shutting down.”  It could be revived with strikingly cool temperatures and moisture, but I don’t see it being a major factor in most parts of Oklahoma this year.

                Leaf rust also is being reported more frequently, but still in fairly low incidence and at a low severity.  Around Stillwater, I can find pustules on susceptible varieties but mostly in the 10-15% severity range.

                Powdery mildew is still a factor, at least on highly susceptible varieties.  Jagger, which is in my foliar fungicide trial, has a severity of around 40-65% on leaves beneath the flag leaf.  Some scattered powdery mildew pustules were visible on flag leaves.

                Tan spot and Septoria/Stagonospora also can still be found on lower leaves, but are not moving up the canopy.  A couple of wheat samples were received from northeastern (Rogers County) andnorth central OK (Noble County) with symptoms indicative of these leaf spotting diseases, and currently isolations are being made to confirm this diagnosis.

                Over the last week, the Diagnostic Lab also had a sample from Kingfisher County that tested positive for wheat streak mosaic virus and High plains virus (Kingfisher County).  As temperatures warm and wheat develops, these mite-transmitted virus diseaseslikely will become more prevalent.

Update on Wheat Pests

From Dr. Tisserat:

More information on some potential insect/mite problems on wheat. 

Dr. Frank Peairs  indicates that ‘ Brown wheat mite is fairly widespread where it was not limited by extended snow cover.’   Chris Stallman reports that the mite infestations in certain parts of Cheyenne and Kiowa counties are severe.

Frank also mentioned that  ‘ Reports of some army cutworm activity are more frequent than they have been for the past few years.  Russian wheat aphid has been reported from the west slope, but so far does not seem abundant in the east.’ 

Bob Hammon from the Western Slope has also indicated that he is seeing a lot of wheat curl mites now.  And just a reminder that the Diagnostic Clinic is performing wheat virus tests to growers again this year.  If you see mites or aphids, and notice symptoms on your wheat, please send them in to the Clinic for screening. 

Wheat Disease Update

From Dr. Ned Tisserat:

The very warm weather will be speeding up the development of the wheat crop in the state.   Because of the dry March, I don’t expect that there is much disease activity, at least not in dryland wheat.   Some of you may be thinking of applying a fungicide along with the herbicide application at tillering as ‘insurance’ or for other reasons (plant health).   In my opinion, unless you know there is active disease (rust, Septoria, powdery mildew) in the field, a fungicide application at this stage is NOT warranted .  Our research trials have not shown any benefit of these early treatments in the absence of disease.   Remember, every time you make a fungicide application, you are potentially selecting for pathogens that are insensitive to that fungicide, whether the chemical is a strobiluron or triazole.   The risk of shifting the pathogen population to one that is insensitive to the fungicide is small, but real.   For example, we now have fungal pathogens resistant to strobilurons in many crops (sugar beet, apples, soybeans, even wheat in the UK). And once that shift occurs, it appears to be permanent (i.e. there is little or no cost to the pathogen).  Let’s save these fungicides for when we really need them. 

Stripe rust has been reported in Kansas ( Manhattan and Wichita) and Oklahoma, but not in any regions closer to Colorado (see Kansas report below).   It is still advisable to keep a close watch on the developing crop for stripe rust.

The following is from Erick DeWolf, Extension Specialist, Kansas State University.

The wheat crop in Kansas ranges between the jointing to boot stage of growth.  I suspect some wheat in Southeast Kansas is already be heading.  This is 2 or 3 weeks ahead of normal crop development.  Weather forecast for the next 3 days indicates that temperatures will remain warmer than normal with high temperatures consistently in the 80's and low temperatures in the 50's for much of KS. Weather forecast for the next 3 days indicates that temperatures will remain warmer than normal with high temperatures consistently in the 80's and low temperatures in the 50's for much of KS.

Stripe rust was observed in Sedgwick County (South Central, KS) yesterday (March 28).  Gary Cramer, Extension Agent for Kansas State University, reported the find.  Gary indicates that low levels of stripe rust in the mid canopy of a production field west of Wichita.  The wheat in this field was near flag leaf emergence at the time stripe rust was detected.  The grower indicated that this field was planted with the variety "Everest".  Everest was considered moderately resistant to stripe rust in 2010 when KS experienced a severe epidemic.   My discussion with Bob Bowden, USDA wheat rust specialist here in Manhattan, suggests that Everest often develops some symptoms of stripe rust but the reaction type has been moderately resistant in previous years.  I will do additional scouting and checking for infections this next week.

Leaf rust was  detected in research plots near Manhattan (Northeast, KS) today (March 29th).  The incidence of leaf rust was very low (<1%) in these plots. The wheat in this field was at flag leaf emergence and leaf rust was found in the mid-canopy.  The infection was on an older variety "2137" that is known to be susceptible to leaf rust. 

 No reports of stem rust to date in Kansas.

 Severe tan spot was reported in Riley county( Northeast, KS), and powdery mildew continues to increase in many areas.

Aphids are present at considerable numbers in Southeast Kansas and have also been observed near Manhattan.

Insecticidal Soaps

This past week in the Diagnostic Clinic, we received some photos of a Japanese Maple whose younger leaves were exhibiting curling at the edges.  No insects were found and so the search began for the cause of the damage.  As more information was forthcoming, it was also noted that the new buds on some of the blue spruces were turning brown as well.  We also learned that a nearby plum tree had recently been sprayed with an insecticidal soap.  Since the symptoms on the Japanese Maple and the Spruce were associated with new growth, not the older growth and no insects were found, it appeared that there was most likely an abiotic issue.  So we did some research and discovered that insecticidal soaps can cause phytotoxicity damage to certain plants if sprayed at the wrong time, and that newer growth on Japanese Maple is extremely susceptible to damage from insecticidal soaps.  An excellent fact sheet from Cornell University provided the information that we based our diagnosis on, which also indicated that if the insecticidal soap was applied when temperatures were above 90F, it could increase the incidence of phytotoxicity damage.  The link for the fact sheet can be found at http://ccesuffolk.org/assets/Horticulture-Leaflets/Using-Insecticidal-Soap-In-Your-Home-Garden-Or-Landscape.pdf. 

The take-home message from all this is that reading the label is important to make sure your plants won't be unnecessarily harmed by the use of any product.

Update from the Clinic...........

This year we have seen a variety of diseases that usually don't happen frequently in Colorado.  We have confirmed anthracnose on Ash from Aurora, and just this morning, found anthracnose on Oak here at the CSU campus. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/02930.html is a link to the fact sheet on Sycamore Anthracnose, but control measures would be similar for Ash and Oak.  

We are also seeing samples of Oak Leaf Blister on a regular basis this year.  http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/diseases/oak_leaf_blister.pdf is a fact sheet from U of Mass on oak leaf blister that shows some really nice pictures of the blisters on oak leaves. Older blisters can often be confused with anthracnose. 

We are also still seeing effects of the prolonged fall/winter (2010-11) drought on trees and shrubs.  Winter watering is critical in our area for survival of trees and shrubs.  http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/02926.html is a fact sheet that talks about healthy trees and tree roots and provides insight on what can affect the growth of a tree via the roots.     

There may be some residual effect of the cool temperatures in May and June on vegetable production in the home garden.  The coolness has pushed back fruit set on a lot of the warmer season vegetables, so be patient with your plants.   

Lastly, there are a lot of aphids out there.  A blog post from Gardening After Five has some recommendations on control, http://gardeningafterfive.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/year-of-the-aphid/. 

Wheat Virus Survey......it's not too late!

If you are a Colorado wheat grower and your wheat is looking a little yellow or sickly, we are offering again this year (at no charge to the grower/submitter) to test wheat samples for five different viruses (virus screen).  We test for Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus-rpv (CYDV-rpv), Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-pav (BYDV-pav), High Plains Virus/Disease (HPV), Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV) and Triticum Mosaic Virus (TriMV).  It's not too late to submit your samples to the Diagnostic Clinic this season.  Samples should contain at least 4-5 symptomatic plants so that we have enough leaf material to test.  Information included with the sample should include location of the field, county, variety of wheat (if known) and contact information of the grower or submitter so that we can let you know what the results were.  Our mailing address is Plant Diagnostic Clinic, E215 Plant Sciences Bldg, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO  80523-1177.  If you would like to call and let us know a sample is on the way, our phone number is 970-491-6950. 

Wind vs Tree.........

Yesterday here in Fort Collins, about 3 p.m., we experienced a microburst wind event with a bit of rain.  Didn't think too much of it, as this happens quite frequently as temperatures start to warm up and high and low pressure areas collide.  However, it did some damage on campus.  A mature linden tree, approximately 40 feet in height was apparently blown over by the wind.  On closer inspection, it appears there may have been some pre-disposing factors that contributed to the demise of the tree.  It looked like it was planted incorrectly and there was some butt rot involved.  I'm posting photos of the trunk and the entire tree for you to decide. 

 Luckily no one was hurt nor was any property damaged, i.e. cars, etc.  Above photo is of the complete fallen tree as taken from the east side of NESB.

Left photo:  Looking southeast from NESB

 

Colorado Wheat Update

The wet, cool weather most of the eastern part of the state experienced the past week or more was very conducive to stripe rust development. Yet, I still have not had any confirmation of stripe rust in the state. However, Dr. Bob Harveson, U. Nebraska reported stripe rust in an irrigated wheat field from western Scotts Bluff Co (south of Morrill). Therefore, it is entirely possible there are ‘hot spots’ of rust out there. If you have seen stripe rust, please email me with some images or send me some samples. The weather outlook for the next week isn’t that favorable for stripe rust development so I am hoping we are in the clear. Remember if you decide to make a fungicide application (which I am not advocating), make sure you follow the label concerning plant harvest intervals.





We have received a smattering of virus disease samples. Barley yellow dwarf is fairly common with some wheat streak mosaic. But we certainly don’t have the virus problems of some previous years.






Ned Tisserat


Extension Specialist and Professor

Wheat Disease Update from Oklahoma

Wheat Disease Update –06-Jun-2011



Bob Hunger, Extension Wheat Pathologist


Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology


Oklahoma State University






Oklahoma: Harvest is occurring or starting across all of Oklahoma, so observations and reports of disease occurrence are about at an end. The only disease observations that have come to my attention are a number of samples from the OK panhandle that came into the diagnostic lab last week and tested positive for various combinations of wheat streak mosaic virus, wheat mosaic virus (high plains virus), Triticum mosaic virus, and barley yellow dwarf virus. This is similar to the panhandle of Texas where Dr. Jacob Price (Plant Pathology Research Associate, Texas AgriLife Research, Amarillo, TX) has reported that, “During this wheat season 214 samples were submitted to the GPDN diagnostic lab in Amarillo from counties in the northern Texas Panhandle. Of these, many were found to be infected with single and multiple infections of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The most prevalent viruses found were WSMV and BYDV at 31 and 21%, respectively. Thirteen percent of samples were found to be infected with TriMV and of these samples 93% were also infected with WSMV, as has been seen in previous years. Only 4 and .01% of the samples were found to be infected with WMoV and CYDV, respectively. These results are similar to previous years.”

Clinic Update

Since the weather has not been cooperating, we have not received many samples in the clinic so far this season.  It's still pretty cool and moist.  We have received several samples of turfgrass with Necrotic Ring Spot already this spring.  As soon as soil temperatures start warming up, we expect to see more.  Information on control can be found here:  http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/02900.html.  There are both cultural and chemical controls, but be advised that NRS is a difficult disease to cure.

We have also received a couple of samples of wheat with Tan Spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis).  This disease can show up anytime April-June and appears as small brown, oval lesions with tan centers usually with a yellow halo around the lesion.  It is always a good idea to get confirmation of this pathogen before deciding to spray as magnesium and chloride deficiencies can mimic tan spot.  This disease overwinters in old wheat stubble and germinates in early spring after a prolonged wet period (usually 24 hours or more).  Asexual spores are spread by wind and keep the disease cycle going, infecting new leaves.  North Dakota State University has an excellent fact sheet on control measures that can be found at http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/pp1249w.htm.   

With the recent moisture we can also expect to see Gymnosporangium rusts, most often Juniper-Hawthorn rusts.  This disease will manifest first as orange, gelatinous masses on juniper causing some discomfort for homeowners.  These brightly colored galls often look like some alien being has landed in the landscape.  After they dry, the galls become dark brown and will stay on the junipers but will not generally harm the plant, only causing aesthetic damage.  Cooperative Extension Plant Talk has a script on this disease that can be found at http://www.ext.colostate.edu/ptlk/1450.html. 

Recently planted vegetables will be set back a bit with this cooler weather.  Be patient with your landscape as the roots need some warm soil temps to really get your plants going. 

ODC (tm): Is This "Stuff" for Real and How Does It Work?

Originally posted 4.12.10, this post is from the Kansas State University Department of Entomology Newsletter, March 26, 2010 authored by Raymond A. Cloyd, Professor and Extension Specialist in Ornamental Entomology/Integrated Pest Management.  Dr. Cloyd is affiliated with the Department of Entomology at KSU in Manhattan, KS.

The entire publication can be found at http://www.entomology.ksu.edu/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=756, look for issue #1, March 26, 2010. 

"We have received numerous inquiries regarding the product Organic Disease Control or ODC (tm), and its supposed effectiveness against insects and diseases.  This product contains chitosan (0.25%) as the active ingredient and is being marketed by AgriHouse, Inc., (Berthoud, CO) with claims that the product protects trees from attack by pine beetles and blue stain mold.  First of all, it is important to discuss the characteristics of the active ingredient.  Chitosan (poly-D-glucosamine) is a common polymer present in nature in the cell walls of certain fungi and insects, and the commercial formulation is prepared from chitin that is found in the shells of crustaceans (e.g., crabs and shrimps). Chitosan is supposed to enhance, stimulate, or boost the plants immune (or defense) response.  Well, how does it do this?  It has been proposed that chitosan is active on the octadecanoid pathway.  What happens in this pathway is that linolenic acid is converted to jasmonic acid resulting in the transcriptional activation of genes associated with defense that "turns on" compounds and/or enzymes  such as proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase.  In other words, chitosan may elicit or activate plant defense responses.  However, the mechanisms affiliated with this process are not clearly understood.   

Currently, there is no quantitative information (based on scientific studies) on the efficacy of ODC (tm) against the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in lodgepole or ponderosa pine.  Furthermore, the publications (#672 and #5322) referred to in the in-house blog (http://agrihouse.wordpress.com/) do not contain any conclusive data to substantiate the claims being made associated with this product.  In fact, one of the publications presented only one years' worth of data (1996) and did not even test for activity against bark beetles.  Additionally, the methodology or procedures used (inoculation) are questionable.  I have listed four publications at the end of this article that discuss the potential role of chitosan; however, none of these are studies that have conducted or include evaluations against wood-boring beetles."

Dr. Cloyd goes on to talk about the claims made regarding ODC (tm) and his questions to each of the claims.  If you are interested in reading the rest of the article, I encourage you to click on the KSU link above to access the full story.  The bottom line, according to Dr. Cloyd, is that "overall, this appears to be an example of an 'aggressive marketing' strategy, which may cause confusion among homeowners/consumers.  As such, this supports the value of extension at land-grant universities because it is our responsibility as extension personnel to provide un-biased information to homeowners/consumers so they can make sound pest management decisions based on the results from 'sound' science.....not mis-information." 

Good Advice on Winter Watering

These articles come from two posts on another blog that I follow, and I thought I would post them here as well.  Along the Front Range, we are in a moderate to severe drought, depending on where you live.  With no appreciable moisture since the end of July, it's a challenge to keep our plants healthy.  Winter watering can help.  Check out these posts on Gardening After Five. 

http://gardeningafterfive.wordpress.com/2010/12/14/give-your-trees-a-drink/

http://gardeningafterfive.wordpress.com/2010/12/20/winter-water-is-for-lawns-too/

Updated MPB Information

I thought a recent post by Dave Leatherman, retired CSFS Entomologist, regarding Mountain Pine Beetle would be beneficial as an update on the behavior of the beetle along the Front Range and questions we are receiving regarding when to spray.  

"If less than a full compliment of beetles hits an urban tree (i.e. an 'unsuccessful' attack from the viewpoint of the beetle), two patterns have been common the last several years:  
  1.  a band of pitch tubes at mid-trunk, with very few on the basal and upper parts of the trunk, or
  2.  a gradation of pitch tubes, heaviest at the base, fizzling out about 10 feet above the ground.

The great, great majority of such trees survive, at least the initial attack.  These sorts of trees, however, do seem prone to re-attack, sometimes later in the same season, sometimes the following summer.  If the trees have high value, rigorous inspection to determine the success of the attack is in order.  IF the tree will not die from the attack in question, preventive spraying is warranted.  The historical spray timetables have become problematic and spraying anytime during the April to early November period might be warranted, depending on the specific circumstances and wishes of the consumer. 

Three things seem clear:  1) the flight season of the beetle is not just late July thru early August anymore (more like April thru early November, with two peaks, one in July-early Aug, and the other mid Oct-early Nov),  2) with the flying beetle population being diluted at any one time over a period of month, successful attacks resulting from a single attack are fairly rare among urban trees, and 3) foliage fading in relation to when observers first see pitch tubes is all out of whack.

For urban areas in CO, NE, and WY and the MPB attacked trees I have seen of late, the following statements apply: 

• The hosts are overwhelmingly either Scots or Ponderosa pine, the pitch tubes are often large and 'runny' (as would be characteristic of unsuccessful, 'pitch-out' type tubes);
• IF the attacked trees die, they didn't die of a single attack; most attacked trees display pitch tubes of varying hardness (indicating initial and later attacks);
• IF the attacks are successful and result in a big emergence of beetles, the trees are usually still green-needled (at least not obviously brown) when this occurs;
• Emergence is usually in October or November (but sometimes 'on schedule'  in July-August);
• Relying solely on external evidence is more dangerous than ever because of the above;
• A hatchet/under-bark-peek is more needed than ever to make a proper diagnosis (and because of the preponderance of strip attacks, looking under the bark on more than one side of the tree is a wise move).

In urban areas, assuming the trees are of suitable diameter (6 inches or more at breast height), I would put pines into three categores:  Likely to be attacked, sometimes attacked, and rarely attacked.  The likely to be attacked pines are Scots, Ponderosa and Lodgepole.  The sometimes attacked would be Limber and Bristlecone.  The rarely attacked pines are Austrian, Mugo, Pinyon, Spruce and other pines."

Another Tree Problem

Dr. Ned Tisserat, Extension Plant Pathologist, was asked by the city forester in Boulder to come take a look at some Red Oak trees that were declining in one of the parks in the city.  The symptoms are branch dieback with borer holes in the trunks of the trees.   After further investigation, it appears that the branch dieback may be associated with Kermes scale, but the borer holes in the trunk caused by a flat-headed borer were unusual.  Dr. Tisserat isolated Fusarium solani from an area surrounding the borer galleries, but also noticed a gummosis on the branches.  This gummosis was in close proximity to the Kermes scale.  Isolations were done and the gummosis was the result of a bacteria which was identified as Brenneria (Erwinia) quercina.  This bacterium has been previously associated with 'Drippy Nuts Disease' on oaks in California and with an oak decline in Europe.  More investigation is needed to understand if the Kermes scale is contributing to the bacterial infection, where the bacterium is originating from and how the flat-headed borer is involved in the infection process, if at all. 

Tomato/Potato Psyllid

This year along the Front Range of Colorado has been devastating for fresh market potato producers and home gardeners alike.  The culprit this year is an insect, the tomato/potato psyllid, which comes to us courtesy of the southern states and Mexico.  They arrive via the southerly air currents that bring us other pathogens like wheat rust.  This insect injects a toxic saliva into the plant that causes the potato to turn yellow with curled leaves.  Potatoes are smaller or non-existent, reducing harvest yields considerably.  Dr, Whitney Cranshaw, CSU Extension Entomologist, was interviewed recently by 9News reporter Adam Chodak.  The video link is attached. 
http://www.9news.com/video/default.aspx?bctid=603977271001

Update on Thousand Cankers Disease

The following is an excerpt from an email sent to several listservs by Whitney Cranshaw regarding a new confirmation of Thousand Cankers Disease in Tennessee.
"Thousand cankers disease of walnut has been confirmed from Tennessee.  This was first identified about 10 days ago with a sample we received from Knoxville, but a formal announcement has been pending per the Tennessee Department of Agriculture's wish to delay announcement for further confirmations.  As this has been done, and I see an AP report on the internet, I think that we can now let it be generally known. 

The known infestation is in and around Knoxville.  As this is a fairly recent find, the extent of the infestation has not been delimited.  But the extent of the infestation suggests that this disease (i.e., the walnut twig beetle and its associated fungus, Geosmithia morbida) has been there for a decade or more.

This is a disaster of tremendous proportion.  It had been my deepest hope - clearly a naive hope - that this problem would stay bottled up in the western states where black walnut, Juglans nigra, is planted but not native.  I had long ago given up that black walnut would survive in the West and that is a sad situation, but not tragic.  Now that it is irrevocably established in the center of the native distribution of Juglans nigra, there are no geographic/ecological barriers to prevent its ultimate spread throughout the US.  Furthermore, the fact that the disease appears to be progressing as a lethal tree killer in Tennessee as it has been doing for 10-20 years in the Rocky Mountain States answers the question as to whether this is a regional problem.

It also suggests that there may well be many other infestations in the Midwest that have gone undetected.  This is a very difficult disease to detect in early stages.  Apparently in Tennessee, as in our area, what attracted attention were plantings that showed symptoms of apparent drought stress.  But it is not drought stress nor related to drought.  For some help with this situation we have a web site:  http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/bspm/extension%20and%20outreach/thousand%20cankers.html.  There are sheets on diagnosis, Q & A, and a fact sheet (that needs a bit of updating).  Also available are links to pictures and powerpoint talks, including the version of "Nightmare on Walnut Street" that I presented at the ISA meeting last week in Chicago.

I am assuming that there will now be a scramble to have state quarantines become a reality.  As I understand it, following Missouri's lead, that Nebraska, Kansas, Michigan and Indiana have or are in the process of enacting state quarantines that restrict movement of certain Juglans material that originates from TCD-affected states.  And this disease is a deal breaker.  It is relatively slow to develop, at least compared to DED or EAB, but its progress will be inexorable.  My guesstimate from watching it in urban settings is that about 30 years after this is introduced into a city, all the black walnuts will be dead.  That is based on the disease taking 10-20 years to show symptoms after the initial point infestation and 10-15 years for it to progress across a city once the first symptomatic tree is detected.  How this disease will progress where there are native stands affecting the epidemiology will undoubtably change things in ways we will all have the unfortunate chance to see in the upcoming years. 

However, containment/slow the spread is still something we need to throw ourselves into.  The longer you can delay the introduction of the disease (by movement of fungus contaminated walnut twig beetles), the longer your black walnuts can survive.  Perhaps with dedicated effort we can push back the ultimate effects of this disaster for a generation or two in many areas, giving us valuable time to develop means of managing it and finding resistant cultivars."

Posted by Whitney Cranshaw, 8.2.2010